Uma usebenzisa izinjini zokusesha ezehlukene ukucinga "i-Japan metallurgy", uzothola ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezihloko namavidiyo aseshiwe athi i-Japan metallurgy ibilokhu iphambili emhlabeni iminyaka eminingi, i-China, i-United States ne-Russia azikho kahle. njengeJapan, iqhosha ngeJapan futhi inyathela iChina, i-United States neRussia, kodwa ingabe kunjalo ngempela?UMobei useneminyaka eminingi ebambe iqhaza embonini yokuthwala impahla.Kufanele ilungise igama lensimbi yaseShayina enensimbi futhi iveze izinga langempela lensimbi yaseShayina enensimbi, okungaphezu kwalokho obukulindele!
Imboni ye-metallurgical ihlanganisa ububanzi obubanzi, kufaka phakathi izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene zensimbi nezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi.Kunzima ukuqhathanisa ngqo ukuthi yiliphi izwe eliholayo.Nokho, kulula kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-metallurgy yaseJapan ihamba phambili emhlabeni.Singaqale sibheke isimo semakethe sisonke semboni ye-metallurgical, bese siqonda ngokujulile iphethini yokuncintisana yeminye imikhiqizo ebalulekile yensimbi.Sekukonke, imakethe yokuthekelisa insimbi emhlabeni ingama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-380, insimbi yaseChina iyizigidigidi ezingama-39.8, elaseJapan lingama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-26.7, elaseJalimane lingama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25.4, elaseSouth Korea lingama-23.5 bhiliyoni amadola aseMelika kanti elaseRussia liyizigidigidi eziyi-19.8 zamadola aseMelika. .Mayelana nedatha yokuthekelisa insimbi, iChina iphambili kuneJapan.Abanye abantu bazothi "insimbi yaseShayina inkulu kuphela kodwa ayiqinile", kodwa iChina ithole imali eningi yangaphandle ngokuthunyelwa kwensimbi.Ngokwedatha ephelele yokuthekelisa insimbi, iJapan ayiholi emhlabeni.Okulandelayo, ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo ebalulekile ye-metallurgical kuyahlaziywa.Iketanga levelu lephiramidi yensimbi eyinsimbi ukusuka phezulu ukuya phansi yilokhu: i-superalloy, insimbi yensimbi nensimbi, i-bearing steel, insimbi enamandla aphakeme kakhulu, insimbi engagqwali nensimbi engahluziwe.
I-Superalloy
Ake sikhulume ngama-superalloys.Ama-superalloy angaphezulu kochungechunge lwenani lephiramidi.Ukusetshenziswa kwe-superalloys akhawunti kuphela i-0.02% yengqikithi yokusetshenziswa kwensimbi, kodwa isikali semakethe siphezulu ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi, futhi intengo yayo iphakeme kakhulu kuneminye imikhiqizo yensimbi.Uma kuqhathaniswa nenani ngesikhathi esifanayo, intengo ngethani ngalinye le-superalloy iphakeme kakhulu ifinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi, intengo ngethani lensimbi engagqwali izinkulungwane zamaRandi, futhi intengo ngethani ngalinye lensimbi engahluziwe ingamakhulu amaRandi.Ama-Superalloy asetshenziswa kakhulu endaweni ye-aerospace kanye nezinjini zegesi.Awekho amabhizinisi angaphezu kwama-50 angakhiqiza ama-Superalloy e-aerospace emhlabeni wonke.Amazwe amaningi abheka imikhiqizo ye-superalloy ekusetshenzisweni kwe-aerospace njengempahla yezempi yamasu.
I-PCC (precision castparts Corp) ibalwa phakathi kwamabhizinisi amahlanu ahamba phambili ekukhiqizweni kwe-superalloy yomhlaba wonke Amabhizinisi ayo i-SMC (Special Metals Corporation), i-VDM yaseJalimane, i-imphy alloys yaseFrance, i-carpenter Technology Corporation yase-United States kanye ne-ATI (Allegheny Technologies Inc) ye- I-United States, yabe ibalwa embonini yensimbi ye-Hitachi ne-metallurgical e-Japan.Uma sibheka umphumela wawo wonke amabhizinisi, umkhiqizo wase-United States uphezulu kakhulu kunowamanye amazwe.
Ithuluzi kanye die steel
Ngaphandle kwe-Tool and die steel, ithuluzi ne-die steel igama elivamile le-die steel ne-high-speed tool steel.Iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yamathuluzi e-dies and high-speed.I-Tooling yaziwa ngokuthi "umama wemboni yesimanje", okubonisa ukubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kwensimbi embonini yesimanje.I-Tool and die steel wuhlobo lwensimbi ekhethekile enenani eliphakeme elingeziwe, futhi intengo yomkhiqizo iphakeme kunaleyo yensimbi ekhethekile evamile.
Amabhizinisi amahlanu aphezulu akleliswe ekuphumeni komhlaba jikelele kwensimbi nensimbi yilawa: I-Austria VAI/Voestalpine, China Tiangong international, Germany smo bigenbach / schmolz + bickenbach, Northeast China special steel, China Baowu, Japan Datong ikleliswe endaweni yesithupha, kanti amabhizinisi aseShayina akleliswe endaweni yesithupha. 20 kokuphumayo yilezi: Hebei Wenfeng iqembu lezimboni, Qilu steel ekhethekile, Great Wall steel ekhethekile, Taiwan Ronggang CITIC.Ngokuya ngamabhizinisi aphezulu angama-20 akhiqiza ithuluzi nensimbi yokufa, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi nensimbi yokufa eChina kuphezulu kakhulu kunakwamanye amazwe.
Ukuthwala insimbi
Ake sikhulume ngokuthwala insimbi.I-Bearing steel ingenye yezinhlobo zensimbi eziqinile kakhulu kukho konke ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi.Inezidingo eziqinile kakhulu mayelana nokufana kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, okuqukethwe nokusatshalaliswa kwe-non-metallic inclusions kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-carbides yensimbi enensimbi.Ikakhulukazi, insimbi ephethe insimbi ephezulu yezintambo eziphezulu akufanele ikwazi ukuthwala umthwalo isikhathi eside, kodwa futhi ibe nenembile, ilawuleka, iqinile futhi inokwethenjelwa.Ingenye yezinsimbi ezikhethekile ezinzima kakhulu ukuncibilika.I-Fushun Special Steel aviation enemikhiqizo yensimbi inesabelo semakethe yasekhaya esingaphezu kwama-60%.
Ivolumu yokuthengisa ye-Daye Special Steel Bearing Steel yenza ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yenani eliphelele lokuthengiswa eShayina, kanti ujantshi wensimbi wenza u-60% wesabelo semakethe sikazwelonke.I-Daye Special steel bearing steel isetshenziselwa ama-bearings kojantshi wesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu e-France nase-Germany, kanye nama-bearings wesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu angeniswe e-China.I-Daye Special Steel, insimbi ene-high-end enamabhere amakhulu e-shaft fan enamandla aphezulu nezinto eziginqikayo ezinamandla omoya, inesabelo semakethe yasekhaya esingaphezu kuka-85%, futhi imikhiqizo yensimbi enamandla omoya ephezulu ithunyelwa eYurophu, e-India. kanye namanye amazwe.
Ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwevolumu yensimbi enensimbi ye-Xingcheng Special Steel ikleliswe endaweni yokuqala e-China iminyaka eyi-16 ilandelana futhi okokuqala emhlabeni iminyaka eyi-10 ilandelana.Emakethe yasekhaya, isabelo sensimbi enezinga eliphezulu sifinyelele ku-85%.Kusukela ngo-2003, insimbi enensimbi ye-Xingcheng Special Steel iye yamukelwa kancane kancane abakhiqizi bomhlaba abayisishiyagalombili abahamba phambili, okuhlanganisa i-Sweden SKF, i-Germany Schaeffler, i-Japan NSK, i-France ntn-snr, njll.
Ngokwemakethe yasekhaya, amabhizinisi aseShayina athatha ingxenye enkulu yemakethe.I-China iyimakethe enkulu.Ngokusobala akunangqondo ukukhuluma ngezwe ngaphandle kweChina.Le datha ayisekeli isikhundla esiphambili se-Japan emhlabeni amashumi eminyaka.Amagama okuqala ka-Wang Huaishi, uNobhala Jikelele we-China Special Steel Enterprise Association, ami kanje: izinga lomzimba lokuthwala imikhiqizo yensimbi e-China selifinyelele ezingeni elihamba phambili lamazwe ngamazwe, elingabonakali nje kuphela ezinkomba zobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi ekungeniseni nasekungeniseni impahla. thekelisa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani lensimbi ethwala impahla engenisiwe lincane kakhulu, futhi iShayina ingakhiqiza cishe zonke izinhlobo;Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani elikhulu lezinsimbi ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezikhiqizwa e-China zithunyelwa ngaphandle futhi zithengwa ngamabhizinisi asezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Insimbi enamandla amakhulu kakhulu
Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi yamandla aphezulu kakhulu isho insimbi enamandla okukhiqiza angaphezu kuka-1180mpa namandla aqinile angaphezu kuka-1380mpa.Isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini ye-aerospace kanye nemboni yezimoto.Kuyimpahla yensimbi yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, esetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza igiya lokuhlala indiza kanye nezingxenye zokuphepha zezimoto.Umkhiqizo wensimbi onamandla aphezulu kakhulu omele kakhulu emkhakheni wezimoto i-aluminium silicon eboshwe ngensimbi eyakhiwe eshisayo.Imikhiqizo eshisayo ye-Aluminium silicon coating yenza i-ArcelorMittal ibe yibhizinisi elinesabelo semakethe esiphezulu kakhulu sezinto zensimbi ze-BIW emhlabeni.I-ArcelorMittal aluminium aluminium coating hot forming forming products ibamba cishe u-20% wezinto zensimbi ezisetshenziselwa i-BIW (okuhlanganisa nezimoto ezishayelwa uphethiloli nezikagesi) emhlabeni.
I-Aluminium silicon coated 1500MPa hot stamping steel iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ezingxenyeni zokuphepha zezimoto, esetshenziswa minyaka yonke cishe amathani ayizigidi ezi-4 emhlabeni jikelele.Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa i-Aluminium silicon yathuthukiswa ngu-ArcelorMittal waseLuxembourg ngo-1999 futhi kancane kancane bakha i-monopoly emhlabeni wonke.Insimbi enamandla amakhulu yemoto ejwayelekile ilinganiselwa ku-5000 yuan ngethani, kanti i-aluminium silicon ehlanganiswe nensimbi eyakhiwe eshisayo egunyazwe i-ArcelorMittal ingaphezu kwamayuan angu-8000 ngethani, ebiza kakhulu ngo-60%.Ngokungeziwe ekukhiqizeni kwayo, i-ArcelorMittal izophinde inikeze ilayisense yamalungelo obunikazi ezinkampanini zensimbi ezimbalwa emhlabeni wonke ukuze zikhiqize nokudayiswa, zikhokhise izimali eziphakeme zamalayisense obunikazi.Kuze kube ngu-2019, engqungqutheleni yaseChina ye-automobile lightweight, ithimba likaSolwazi u-Yi Hongliang, i-State Key Laboratory yobuchwepheshe obuginqikayo kanye ne-automation eqhubekayo yase-Northeast University, ikhiphe ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlanganisa i-aluminium ye-silicon, iphula umthetho weminyaka engu-20 welungelo lobunikazi le-ArcelorMittal.
Umkhiqizo odume kakhulu endimeni yezokundiza insimbi yaseMelika yamazwe ngamazwe ye-nickel 300M yenkampani iyinsimbi yegiya lokufikela elinamandla aphakeme kakhulu, ukusebenza okuphelele okuphelele nokusetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni.Njengamanje, ngaphezu kwe-90% yezinto ezisetshenziswayo zokuhlala zezindiza zamasosha nezindiza zomphakathi ezisebenza e-United States zenziwe ngensimbi engu-300M.
Insimbi engagqwali
Ngaphandle kwensimbi engagqwali, igama elithi "stainless steel" livela ekutheni lolu hlobo lwensimbi akulula ukugqwala nokugqwala njengensimbi evamile.Isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini esindayo, imboni elula, imboni yezidingo zansuku zonke, umhlobiso wezakhiwo nezinye izimboni.Amabhizinisi ayi-10 aphezulu ekukhiqizeni insimbi engagqwali emhlabeni wonke yilawa: China Qingshan, China Taiyuan Iron nensimbi, South Korea POSCO iron and steel, China Chengde, Spain acerinox, Finland ottokunp, Europe ampron, China Anshan Iron nensimbi, Lianzhong insimbi engagqwali, China. Delong nickel kanye China Baosteel insimbi engagqwali.
Isabelo sokukhiqizwa kwensimbi engagqwali emhlabeni wonke singama-56.3% e-China, angu-15.1% e-Asia (ngaphandle kwe-China ne-South Korea), i-13% eYurophu kanye ne-5% e-United States.Ukukhiqizwa kweChina kuphezulu kakhulu kunokwamanye amazwe.
Insimbi engagqwali
Ngaphandle kwensimbi engagqwali, igama elithi "stainless steel" livela ekutheni lolu hlobo lwensimbi akulula ukugqwala nokugqwala njengensimbi evamile.Isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini esindayo, imboni elula, imboni yezidingo zansuku zonke, umhlobiso wezakhiwo nezinye izimboni.Amabhizinisi ayi-10 aphezulu ekukhiqizeni insimbi engagqwali emhlabeni wonke yilawa: China Qingshan, China Taiyuan Iron nensimbi, South Korea POSCO iron and steel, China Chengde, Spain acerinox, Finland ottokunp, Europe ampron, China Anshan Iron nensimbi, Lianzhong insimbi engagqwali, China. Delong nickel kanye China Baosteel insimbi engagqwali.
Isabelo sokukhiqizwa kwensimbi engagqwali emhlabeni wonke singama-56.3% e-China, angu-15.1% e-Asia (ngaphandle kwe-China ne-South Korea), i-13% eYurophu kanye ne-5% e-United States.Ukukhiqizwa kweChina kuphezulu kakhulu kunokwamanye amazwe.
Insimbi engahluziwe
Ake sikhulume ngensimbi engahluziwe.I-China yenza u-56.5%, i-European Union 8.4%, i-India 5.3%, Japan 4.5%, Russia 3.9%, United States 3.9%, South Korea 3.6%, Turkey 1.9% kanye Brazil 1.7%. .I-China ihamba phambili kakhulu ngesabelo semakethe.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yensimbi ochungechungeni lwenani lephiramidi yensimbi eyinsimbi, iphethini yangempela yokuncintisana yemakethe ayibonisi ukuthi i-Japan ibihola umhlaba amashumi eminyaka.Izindatshana eziningi namavidiyo aku-inthanethi athi i-metallurgy yaseJapan ihola umhlaba wonke izokhuluma ngesizukulwane sesihlanu se-crystal superalloy eyasungulwa okokuqala yiJapan, okuyisisekelo esiyinhloko.
Kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi i-crystal superalloy eyodwa kufanele idlule eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-15 yomjikelezo wokuthuthuka ukusuka ekuthuthukisweni kuye ekuvuthweni.Isibonelo, isizukulwane sesibili se-crystal superalloy i-Ren é N5, esetshenziswa kabanzi yi-GE, yaqala ukuthuthukiswa kwe-alloy ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 futhi ayizange isetshenziswe kuze kube maphakathi nasekupheleni kwawo-1990.Isizukulwane sesibili i-crystal superalloy pwa1484, esetshenziswa kakhulu nguPratt Whitney, yaqala ukuthuthuka ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 futhi ayizange isetshenziswe ku-F110 namanye ama-aeroengines athuthukile kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1990s ngasekupheleni.
Akukwazeki ukuthi amaphrojekthi enjini kwamanye amazwe athathe ngamawala i-crystal superalloy yaseJapan yesizukulwane sesihlanu esingavuthiwe.Okuwukuphela kwendlela engasetshenziswa umlwi wesizukulwane esisha saseJapan.Uhulumeni waseJapan uhlela ukuthumela i-fighter yesizukulwane esisha ngo-2035, okungukuthi, kuzothatha isikhathi eside ukubona lesi sizukulwane sesihlanu esisodwa se-crystal superalloy sisetshenziswa kabanzi.Ngakho-ke eJapane Kuyini ukusebenza kwe-crystal superalloy yesizukulwane sesihlanu?Konke namanje akwaziwa.
Kufanele sazi ukuthi ama-crystal superalloy esizukulwane sokuqala kuya kwesesine awazange asetshenziswe kabanzi, okwanele ukukhombisa ukuthi ama-crystal superalloy aseJapan asemuva okwamanje.Iphethini yokuncintisana yemakethe ye-superalloy, insimbi nensimbi yokufa, insimbi enensimbi, insimbi enamandla aphezulu kakhulu, insimbi engagqwali nensimbi engahluziwe ayibonisi i-crystal superalloy yesizukulwane sesihlanu i-metallurgy yase-Japan ebilokhu ihola umhlaba amashumi eminyaka futhi empeleni ibingekho. isicelo.Angeke isetshenziselwe ukufakazela ukuthi i-metalurgy yaseJapan ibihola umhlaba amashumi eminyaka, noma ngabe ababhali balezo zihloko namavidiyo benamandla okubuka ikusasa, Futhi ngeke kuguqule amaqiniso.
Abangane abaningi babuza, "kungani ama-bearings aseShayina angakwazi?", Abantu abaningi baphendula: "Imishini yaseChina impofu, futhi ukwelashwa kokushisa akukuhle."miningi imibuzo nezimpendulo ezifanayo.Eqinisweni, abantu abaningi bangase bangazi ukuthi i-China ayihlinzeki nje ngezinto zokusetshenziswa - ezithwala insimbi yamabhizinisi angaphandle, kodwa futhi inikeza izingxenye ezibalulekile zokuthwala ngisho nama-bearings aphelile amabhizinisi angaphandle aziwayo afana ne-SKF eSweden, i-Schaeffler eJalimane, i-Timken in. I-United States kanye ne-NSK eJapane.
Ngamafuphi, kunengxenye ethile "yenziwe eShayina" phakathi kwabakhiqizi abayisikhombisa abahamba phambili emhlabeni.Amabhizinisi athwala impahla aziwayo afana ne-SKF eSweden, i-Schaeffler eJalimane, i-Timken e-United States kanye ne-NSK yaseJapane ingathenga izingxenye zaseShayina nezinto zokusetshenziswa ngamaqoqo, okwanele ukufakazela ukuthi umshini waseChina nokwelashwa kokushisa kungahlangabezana nobuchwepheshe bamakhasimende. izidingo;Ukwamukelwa kwama-bearings aseShayina ngamabhizinisi angaphandle aziwayo kungabuye kuchaze ikhwalithi nokusebenza kwama-bearings aseShayina, okungahlangabezana nezidingo zangempela zabasebenzisi.
Imboni ekhiqizayo yaseChina isikhule ngokukhula kwesikhathi.Kusukela ekusungulweni kohlelo lwezimboni kuya ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe obusha, nokusuka ekwandeni komkhiqizo kuye ekuthengisweni unyaka nonyaka, singatshela umhlaba ukuthi i-China isivele iyizwe elinomthwalo wemfanelo ongenakuzanyazanyiswa, futhi izinga lokukhiqiza libalwa phakathi kwezihamba phambili emhlabeni. !Njengomkhiqizo we-e-commerce onguNombolo 1 wemikhiqizo yezimboni zaseChina, iMobei izophinde inikele ngamandla ayo embonini yokukhiqiza yaseChina esekelwe ezimeni zikazwelonke zaseShayina, ukuze "okwenziwe eShayina" kuzwakale emhlabeni wonke!
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-27-2021